{"id":11119,"date":"2020-01-15T10:40:56","date_gmt":"2020-01-15T15:40:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mataheri.ca\/?p=11119"},"modified":"2024-06-22T14:03:24","modified_gmt":"2024-06-22T06:03:24","slug":"nazareh-dar-hozeh-agahi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mataheri.com\/en\/nazareh-dar-hozeh-agahi\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0637\u0631\u062d \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0632\u0647 \u0622\u06af\u0627\u0647\u06cc"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0628\u0647 \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u062e\u062f\u0627<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0637\u0631\u062d \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0632\u0647 \u00ab\u0622\u06af\u0627\u0647\u06cc-\u00a0Consciousness\u00bb<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0641) \u0622\u06af\u0627\u0647\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0641\u06cc\u0632\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641\u060c \u06cc\u06a9 \u06a9\u06cc\u0641\u06cc\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0644\u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u06cc\u062c\u0647 \u0637\u0628\u06cc\u0639\u06cc \u062a\u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0644\u06cc \u0633\u0627\u0632\u06af\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0628\u06cc\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0698\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0645\u063a\u0632 \u0648 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645\u00ad\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0639\u0635\u0628\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u06cc\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u06cc \u0631\u0627\u06cc\u062c \u0622\u06af\u0627\u0647\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u06cc\u0698\u06af\u06cc \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0627\u062a \u067e\u06cc\u0686\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u06cc\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0698\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u0637\u06cc \u062a\u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u00ad\u0634\u0648\u062f. \u062f\u06cc\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0647\u00ad\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0639\u0644\u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0644 \u0648 \u0686\u06af\u0648\u0646\u06af\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0632 \u0622\u06af\u0627\u0647\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0627\u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u064b \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06cc\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0631\u06af\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0633\u0645\u00ad\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u0646\u00ad\u062a\u0631 \u0647\u0645 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u06cc\u06a9\u0631\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u06cc\u00ad\u0634\u0648\u062f \u0622\u06af\u0627\u0647\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u0634\u0627\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u06af\u06cc \u0648 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u06af\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u062a\u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0631\u062e\u062f\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a (\u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u062b\u0631 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0647 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u06cc\u0631 \u0648 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644)\u060c \u0648 \u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0645\u06cc (\u0639\u0645\u062f\u062a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u06cc\u062a\u06cc \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0630\u0647\u0646\u06cc \u0646\u0647 \u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u06a9\u06cc). \u0628\u0647 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u060c \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u06cc\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0647\u060c \u0622\u06af\u0627\u0647\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u0648\u06cc\u0698\u06af\u06cc \u0630\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

(A) Consciousness is not an independent quality but arose, in terms of conventional physical processes, as a natural evolutionary consequence of the biological adaptation of brains and nervous systems. This prevalent scientific view is that consciousness emerged as a property of complex biological computation during the course of evolution. Opinions vary as to when, where and how consciousness appeared, e.g. only recently in humans, or earlier in lower organisms. Consciousness as an evolutionary adaptation is commonly assumed to be epiphenomenal (i.e. a secondary effect without independent influence [1\u2013\u06f3]), and also illusory (largely constructing reality, rather than perceiving it [4]). Nonetheless, consciousness is frequently argued to confer beneficial advantages to species [5]. Overall, in this view, consciousness is not an intrinsic feature of the universe.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\u0628) \u0622\u06af\u0627\u0647\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u06a9\u06cc\u0641\u06cc\u062a \u062c\u062f\u0627\u06af\u0627\u0646\u0647 (\u0627\u0632 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u06cc) \u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0645\u062a\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0632 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u06cc\u0632\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0648 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u06a9\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0644 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u0641\u06cc\u0632\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0648 \u0647\u0645\u06cc\u0634\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u201c\u062f\u0648\u06af\u0627\u0646\u06af\u06cc\u201d \u062f\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u062a\u060c \u062f\u06cc\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0647\u00ad\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628\u06cc \u0648 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u06cc\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0648\u06cc \u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u06cc\u00ad\u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0622\u06af\u0627\u0647\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0631\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0631 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u06cc\u06a9 \u201c\u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u0647\u00ad \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u201d\u060c \u201c\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0642\u201d \u06cc\u0627 \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0647\u00ad\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0632\u201d\u062e\u062f\u0627\u201d \u06a9\u0647 \u0647\u0645\u0647 \u062c\u0627 \u0647\u0633\u062a. \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u06cc\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0647\u060c \u0622\u06af\u0627\u0647\u06cc \u0639\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0641\u06cc\u0632\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0648 \u0631\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u00ad\u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u06cc\u0686 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0647 \u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u06cc\u0641\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0645 (science) \u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f. \u0631\u0648\u06cc\u06a9\u0631\u062f \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u0646\u0632\u062f\u06cc\u06a9\u060c panpsychism \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0622\u06af\u0627\u0647\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0647\u0645\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0646\u0633\u0628\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u00ad\u062f\u0647\u062f \u060c \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0648\u06cc\u062a\u06cc \u0639\u0644\u0645\u06cc \u06cc\u0627 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u06cc\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u06cc (causal). \u0631\u0648\u06cc\u06a9\u0631\u062f Idealism \u00a0\u0627\u062f\u0639\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u00ad\u06a9\u0646\u062f \u0622\u06af\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u060c \u0647\u0645\u0647 \u0622\u0646\u0686\u0647 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f (\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u06cc\u062a) \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u06cc (\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0645) \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0645 (illusion ) \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u06cc\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0647\u00ad\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0622\u06af\u0627\u0647\u06cc \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0632 \u062d\u0648\u0632\u0647\u00ad\u06cc \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

(B) Consciousness is a separate quality, distinct from physical actions and not controlled by physical laws, that has always been in the universe. Descartes\u2019 \u2018dualism\u2019, religious viewpoints, and other spiritual approaches assume consciousness has been in the universe all along, e.g. as the \u2018ground of being\u2019, \u2018creator\u2019 or component of an omnipresent \u2018God\u2019 [\u06f6]. In this view consciousness can causally influence physical matter and human behavior, but has no basis or description in science [7]. In another approach, panpsychism attributes consciousness to all matter, but without scientific identity or causal influence. Idealism contends consciousness is all that exists, the material world (and science) being an illusion [8]. In all these views, consciousness lies outside science.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/u><\/span><\/strong>Stuart Hameroff and Roger Penrose.\u00a0Consciousness in the universe; review of the \u2018Orch OR\u2019 theory.\u00a0Physics of Life Reviews<\/em>\u00a0\u06f1\u06f1 (\u06f2\u06f0\u06f1\u06f4) \u06f3\u06f9\u2013\u06f7\u06f8.<\/u><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

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(C) Consciousness results from discrete physical events; such events have always existed in the universe as noncognitive, proto-conscious events, these acting as part of precise physical laws not yet fully understood. Biology evolved a mechanism to orchestrate such events and to couple them to neuronal activity, resulting in meaningful, cognitive, conscious moments and thence also to causal control of behavior. These events are proposed specifically to be moments of quantum state reduction (intrinsic quantum \u201cself-measurement\u201d). Such events need not necessarily be taken as part of current theories of the laws of the universe, but should ultimately be scientifically describable. This is basically the type of view put forward, in very general terms, by the philosopher A.N. Whitehead [9,10] and also fleshed out in a scientific framework in the Penrose\u2013Hameroff theory of \u2018orchestrated objective reduction\u2019 (\u2018Orch OR\u2019 [\u06f1\u06f1\u2013\u06f1\u06f6]). In the Orch OR theory, these conscious events are terminations of quantum computations in brain microtubules reducing by Di\u00f3si\u2013Penrose \u2018objective reduction\u2019 (\u2018OR\u2019), and having experiential qualities. In this view consciousness is an intrinsic feature of the action of the universe.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

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